Heat Wave — A Serious Threat To Health And Well-Being

A heat wave brings prolonged hot weather with high humidity, causing heat rash, cramps, exhaustion, and potentially life-threatening heat stroke, requiring immediate attention and care.

Heat Wave — A Serious Threat To Health And Well-Being

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{By: Dr Pinaki De}

A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, often accompanied by high humidity, which can have serious health implications. The most common and least severe health issue related to extreme heat is heat rash or prickly heat. However, prolonged exposure can lead to more serious conditions, progressing from heat cramps to heat exhaustion, and ultimately to heat stroke, which can be life-threatening.

Types Of Heat-Related Illnesses

Heat Cramps

Heat cramps are painful muscle cramps caused by the loss of water and electrolytes due to excessive sweating. They can be managed by resting in a shaded or cool area and consuming adequate Oral Re-hydration Solution (ORS) or electrolyte-rich fluids.

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion occurs after prolonged exposure to high temperatures and excessive sweating, leading to weakness, nausea, headache, and muscle cramps. Managing heat exhaustion involves moving to a cool area, loosening clothing, and re-hydrating with ORS or other fluids.

Heat Stroke

The most severe and life-threatening heat-related illness is heat stroke, which occurs when the body's internal temperature regulation system fails. The victim may present with a high body temperature (above 103°F), confusion, convulsions, or even unconsciousness. Immediate cooling is crucial, and the person should be transported to a medical facility without delay. Delayed intervention can result in mortality, with more than half of the victims being at risk.

Mechanisms Of Heat Dissipation And Risks

The human body dissipates heat through four primary mechanisms: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. Conduction involves heat transfer through direct contact, while convection allows heat loss through moving air or water. Evaporation, the most critical cooling mechanism, involves sweating and its subsequent evaporation from the skin. Radiation allows heat to be emitted from the body into the surrounding environment. When the environmental temperature exceeds normal body temperature (35°C), these mechanisms become less effective. Additionally, evaporation, the most important cooling method, fails when humidity exceeds 75%, making it difficult for the body to cool down efficiently.

Impact Of Extreme Heat On The Body

When the body temperature surpasses 40°C (104°F), acute damage occurs in multiple organ systems, including the nervous system, lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. Blood coagulation disorders may also develop. A single episode of heat-related injury can result in long-term or even permanent neurological damage.

Early intervention is critical in managing heat-related illnesses. Recognizing symptoms early and taking immediate action can prevent severe complications. Cooling strategies such as cold water application, preferably with ice water, are essential, though applying ice to specific areas like the axilla and groin is not necessarily more effective. Hydration plays a key role in prevention, with ORS, water, or electrolyte solutions helping maintain adequate hydration levels. Environmental modifications such as the use of fans, cool showers, and air conditioning can help reduce heat stress. Protective measures like wearing light, loose-fitting clothing and avoiding strenuous outdoor activities during peak heat hours can further prevent heat-related illnesses.

Types Of Heat Stroke And Immediate Action Required

Heat stroke is a medical emergency and can be classified into two types: classic heat stroke and exertional heat stroke. Classic heat stroke occurs due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures, commonly affecting the elderly and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Exertional heat stroke results from intense physical activity in hot conditions, often seen in athletes, laborers, and military personnel. Regardless of the type, heat stroke requires immediate cooling and rapid transportation to a healthcare facility. Without prompt treatment, heat stroke can lead to irreversible damage or death.

A heat wave is not just a discomfort—it is a significant health hazard. Understanding the progression of heat-related illnesses and taking appropriate preventive measures can save lives. Public awareness and timely intervention are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme heat conditions.

The author, Dr Pinaki De, is a Consultant Physician, at ILS Hospitals, Dumdum

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]