Viral Vs Bacterial Meningitis: Know Difference, Symptoms, Risks, And How They Affect The Brain And Body

Viral meningitis is less severe and usually recovers without complications, but bacterial meningitis is life-threatening and can lead to long-term neurological issues.

Meningitis, an inflammation of the brain's protective membranes, is primarily caused by viruses and bacteria.

Source : Canva

By Dr Praveen Gupta

Brain is a delicate organ that is surrounded and supported by several layers of membranes collectively called as the meninges. Meningitis occurs when one or more of layers get infected and inflamed. This inflammation of meninges can be brought about by viruses, bacteria or in rare cases by fungi, parasites and non-infectious causes such as some types of cancer, lupus, medications, brain surgery, or head injuries. Worldwide, meningitis is the leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and long-term suffering. Children under the age of five and those with compromised immune systems are at a greater risk.

Viral meningitis develops when a virus infects the brain or spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of viruses, with non-polio enteroviruses being the most prevalent.

Viruses causing diseases like Mumps, Measles, Influenza, Herpes, Chickenpox can induce meningitis in some cases. Only a small percentage of those who get these viruses develop meningitis as a result.

On the other hand, bacterial meningitis is not as prevalent as viral meningitis. It is caused by bacterial infections of the brain or spinal cord. This form of meningitis is often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, group B Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli, among other bacteria.

Neurological Implications Of Meningitis

Patients with viral meningitis may feel sick for some time following the infection, with symptoms including lethargy, headache, and worry. Individuals suffering from simply a headache, fever, and stiff neck may recover in two to four weeks. However, viral meningitis nearly never kills anybody.

Bacterial meningitis, on the other hand, can be deadly quickly or have terrible long-term consequences, thus antibiotics should be administered as soon as possible. Individuals with bacterial meningitis usually feel better 48-72 hours after starting therapy, although they are more prone to develop problems.

Neurological sequelae occur in a significant number of individuals following bacterial meningitis, both in adults and in children. The most often reported effects are localized neurological impairments, hearing loss, cognitive impairment, and epilepsy. Severe consequences can include seizures, hearing and vision loss, and neuromotor dysfunction; however, it is likely that subtler effects such as cognitive impairment, memory loss, and behavioural abnormalities are frequently neglected and can have a negative impact on school and job performance. These people may require long-term therapy, medications, and supporting care.

Hearing loss following meningococcal meningitis has been reported to be more frequent in low-income nations. Early detection of neurological sequelae, particularly cognitive impairment and hearing loss, is critical for children to avoid (later)

What You Can Do To Keep Yourself Safe

Vaccines provide the most effective protection against common kinds of bacterial meningitis. Vaccines can protect against meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus, and haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

Unlike the meningococcal variety of bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis is transmitted to others through close contact.

Consider seeing your doctor and consult about taking antibiotics in the case of bacterial meningitis; wash your hands regularly, particularly before eating; and avoid close contact and sharing cups, utensils, or toothbrushes.

Dr Praveen Gupta, Principal Director & Chief of Neurology, Fortis Hospital

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]