World Cerebral Palsy Day 2023: What Is Cerebral Palsy? Know Causes, Forms And How It Affects Infants

Cerebral Palsy Day serves as a meaningful occasion to observe the lives and achievements of those who are affected by this disorder.

World Cerebral Palsy Day 2023 (Representational Image)

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Every year on October 6, World Cerebral Palsy Day is observed. This special day serves as a meaningful occasion to observe the lives and achievements of those who are affected by cerebral palsy, a persistent neurological disorder that significantly affects their ability to control movement, maintain posture, and coordinate their actions. It stands as a tribute to individuals who face the challenges of this condition and serves as a unifying force, bringing together not only those who live with cerebral palsy but also their families, friends, supporters, and organizations spanning across more than 100 countries.

What Is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral palsy ( CP) is the commonest physical disability in childhood. It is an umbrella term used for a spectrum of disabilities. The term encompasses 'a group of disorders of development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain'. According to Dr. Pratibha Singhi, who is the Head of Paediatric Neurology at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, "The motor disorders of CP are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, cognition, communication, perception, behaviour or seizure disorders."

Causes Of Cerebral Palsy:

Dr. Pratibha Singhi said that the causes of cerebral palsy are diverse and are very different in our country when compared to the developed world.

 

"Two studies done by (Singhi et al ) on over 1000 cases with cerebral palsy each, have reported multiple causes of cerebral palsy. They may be because of problems during pregnancy such as intrauterine infections particularly during the first trimester, or during birth such as lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Babies who are born very premature and especially if they have complications, have a high risk for having CP," she said.

 

She continued to say, "Some causes may be 'acquired', that is, babies are born normally but identifiable factors after birth, such as meningitis, lowering of blood sugar in the newborn, severe jaundice with very high bilirubin etc can be associated with CP. Sometimes head injuries in babies can also lead to CP. Rarely there may be genetic predisposition to CP."

 

"Many of these causes are preventable and thus measures to reduce these factors can reduce the burden of cerebral palsy in our country. Small steps towards prevention of cerebral palsy include reduction of prematurity, monitoring all pregnant women periodically, institutional deliveries by trained birth attendants or doctors who are available at grass root levels. Early detection and early intervention can utilize the plasticity of the newborn brain for recovery of functions and prevent secondary disabilities," Dr. Pratibha concluded.

Forms Of Cerebral Palsy:

Dr U P Sharma, who is an MD (General Medicine) DM (Neurology), and Consultant Neurologist, at Omni Hospitals said, "There are various forms of cerebral palsy, including some common types. Spastic cerebral palsy, for instance, is characterized by heightened muscle tone and jerky movements, while Athetoid cerebral palsy, leads to involuntary movements in the face, torso, and limbs. Additionally, Hypotonic cerebral palsy is marked by low muscle tone, resulting in muscle weakness and floppiness. It's important to note that in certain cases, damage to the developing brain isn't limited to a single location, giving rise to mixed-type cerebral palsy, where individuals may exhibit characteristics of more than one type."

Causes And Risk Factors Of Cerebral Palsy In Infants:

Dr. Sunil Singla, who is the Director & Head of Department-Neurology at Sanar International Hospitals said that it is one of the most common congenital disorders in children, with significant lifelong implications for both the affected individuals and their families.

He further delved into the various factors that contribute to cerebral palsy in infants, shedding light on the condition's origins.

Prenatal Factors:

• Genetic Factors: While most cases of cerebral palsy are not directly caused by genetics, certain genetic factors can increase the risk. Mutations or abnormalities in specific genes related to brain development can play a role.
• Brain Development Issues: Problems during the early stages of brain development, especially during the formation of the cerebral cortex, can lead to cerebral palsy. Factors such as abnormal cell migration or improper brain maturation can result in CP.
• Infections during Pregnancy: Infections like rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis contracted during pregnancy can significantly increase the risk of cerebral palsy in the infant. These infections can affect the developing fetal brain, leading to neurological complications.

Perinatal Factors:

• Birth Asphyxia: Oxygen deprivation during childbirth, known as birth asphyxia, is a significant risk factor for cerebral palsy. This can occur due to various reasons, such as complications during delivery, umbilical cord problems, or placental issues.
• Premature Birth: Premature infants, especially those born before 28 weeks of gestation, are at a higher risk of developing cerebral palsy. The underdeveloped brain in premature babies can be more susceptible to damage, leading to CP.
• Low Birth Weight: Babies with a low birth weight, often associated with premature birth, face an increased risk of cerebral palsy. Low birth weight can be caused by factors like poor maternal nutrition, multiple pregnancies (such as twins or triplets), or maternal health problems.

Postnatal Factors:

• Brain Injuries: Infants can sustain brain injuries due to accidents, falls, or physical abuse, which may lead to cerebral palsy. Traumatic brain injuries can cause long-term damage to the developing brain, affecting motor functions.
• Infections and Diseases: Certain infections or diseases, such as bacterial meningitis or encephalitis, can cause inflammation in the brain, leading to cerebral palsy. Timely treatment of these conditions is essential to prevent neurological complications.

By addressing the various prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors, healthcare professionals and parents can work together to provide the best possible care and opportunities for children with cerebral palsy, ensuring they lead fulfilling lives to the best of their abilities.

How To Manage Cerebral Palsy In Infants:

Dr.Vinit Banga, who is the Associate Director Neurology & Head at Neurovascular Intervention Centre for Neurosciences, BLK Max Superspecilality Hospital said, "Managing cerebral palsy in infants involves a multidisciplinary approach focused on enhancing their overall well-being and development."

Here are key strategies that she listed out:

• Early Detection: Early diagnosis is crucial. Regular pediatric check-ups can help identify developmental delays or motor skill issues.
• Therapies: Occupational, physical, and speech therapies are essential. They aid in improving muscle strength, coordination, and communication skills.
• Medications: Medications may be prescribed to manage spasticity, seizures, or other associated conditions.
• Assistive Devices: Mobility aids like wheelchairs and orthotic devices can enhance mobility and independence.
• Supportive Care: A supportive environment at home and school promotes social and emotional development.
• Nutrition: Proper nutrition is vital for growth and overall health. Consult a pediatric dietitian if needed.
• Surgery: Surgical interventions may be considered to correct deformities or improve mobility.
• Parental Support: Parents should seek emotional and educational support to better understand and advocate for their child's needs.
• Ongoing Monitoring: Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals ensure that the child's progress is monitored and interventions adjusted as necessary.

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]