As Anderson was bowling in his ninth over in Lancashire's second XI four-day friendly against Durham, he became aware of right calf pain.
He immediately sought a medical assessment from Lancashire and was withdrawn from the remainder of the game. Further review with the ECB medical team confirmed his unavailability for the remaining two Test matches.
Somerset seamer Craig Overton has been added to the team. He has returned to the Test squad for the first time since March 2018 and will be looking to add to his three Test caps. The right-arm medium pacer has taken 32 wickets at an average of 21.34 from eight Country Championship matches this season.
Ben Stokes had played one of the finest knocks in Test cricket as he had guided England to an improbable one-wicket win against Australia on the fourth day of the third Test.
Currently, the Ashes is tied at 1-1.
England squad for the fourth Test:
Joe Root (c), Rory Burns, Jason Roy, Joe Denly, Jonny Bairstow, Jos Buttler, Ben Stokes, Sam Curran, Chris Woakes, Jofra Archer, Stuart Broad, Jack Leach, Craig Overton.