Delhi and many regions in northern India are currently enduring an unprecedented heat wave, with temperatures soaring to a blistering 50 degrees Celsius in the national capital on Wednesday. This extreme heat poses severe challenges to health, especially for people who have to work outdoors. 


Knowing how your body reacts to these conditions, and taking the necessary precautions, can be lifesaving.


Body’s Mechanisms To Fight The Heat: Sweating And Vasodilation


The human body employs two primary mechanisms to cope with heat, namely, vasodilation and sweating. Where vasodilation allows blood vessels near the skin's surface to widen, facilitating heat loss, sweating cools the body as the sweat evaporates. However, sweating also leads to the loss of essential salts needed for muscle function. 


However, when these natural cooling processes are overwhelmed, several heat-related illnesses can occur. According to the World Health Organization, environmental factors such as high temperatures, humidity, low wind, and high thermal radiation can hinder the body's ability to regulate its internal temperature, leading to heat exhaustion. This condition can progress to heatstroke, a severe condition characterised by the failure of the body's temperature regulation mechanisms, which can potentially cause damage to the brain and other vital organs.


Health-Related Problems That Can Arise


Heat Cramps: Initial Indicators


Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions caused by excessive sweating, often in the legs and abdomen. Recognising and addressing these early can prevent more serious conditions. 


Heat Exhaustion: A Serious Warning


Heat exhaustion can develop as body temperature rises, causing heavy sweating, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headache, and a weak pulse. During heat exhaustion, the body struggles to cool down, causing increased heart rate and potential dehydration. Immediate intervention is crucial to prevent progression to heatstroke.


Heatstroke: A Critical Emergency


Heatstroke is the most dangerous heat-related condition and requires immediate medical attention. It occurs when the body's temperature regulation fails, and the core temperature exceeds 40°C (104°F). Symptoms include hot, dry skin, rapid breathing, confusion, slurred speech, seizures, and unconsciousness.


Tips for Staying Safe During a Heat Wave


To protect yourself during extreme heat, consider these essential precautions:



  • Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water and electrolyte-rich fluids. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can dehydrate you.

  • Limit Physical Activity: Avoid strenuous activities during the hottest parts of the day. Rest frequently in shaded or air-conditioned areas.

  • Wear Appropriate Clothing: Choose loose-fitting, lightweight, and light-colored clothing. Use hats and sunglasses for additional protection.

  • Keep Your Living Space Cool: During the day, close windows and use blinds or shutters to block out heat. Open windows at night to allow cooler air in.

  • Check on Vulnerable People: Regularly check on elderly relatives, young children, and those with chronic illnesses.

  • Be Prepared for Emergencies: Recognise the signs of heat-related illnesses and take immediate action if symptoms occur. Keep emergency contacts readily available.


With global temperatures on the rise, extreme heat waves are becoming more frequent. Understanding how to stay safe during these periods is crucial. By staying informed and taking the necessary precautions, you can protect yourself and your loved ones from the dangers of extreme heat.