EWS Reservation: SC Five-Judge Constitution Bench Upholds Validity Of 103rd Constitutional Amendment

A five-judge Constitution bench headed by Chief Justice Uday Umesh Lalit delivered the verdict in the matter.

The Supreme Court on Monday upheld the validity of the Constitution's 103rd Amendment Act 2019, which provides for the 10 per cent EWS reservation amongst the general category. A five-judge Constitution bench headed by Chief Justice Uday Umesh Lalit delivered the verdict in the matter. Three judges uphold the Act while two judges pass a dissenting judgement. CJI UU Lalit concurs with Justice Ravindra Bhat. The majority bench which upheld the ammendment comprised of Justices Dinesh Maheshwari, Bela Trivedi and JB Pardiwala. Justice S Ravindra Bhat passed a dissenting judgement and disagreed with the majority verdict.

Pronouncing his verdict Justice Maheshwari said the EWS amendment does not violate the equality code or violate the essential features of the Constitution and the breach of 50% does not violate the basic structure. Justice Bela M Trivedi said that her judgement is in concurrence with Justice Maheshwari and says the EWS quota in the general category is valid and constitutional.

The apex court had on September 27 reserved the verdict on the legal question of whether the EWS quota violated the basic structure of the Constitution after hearing a battery of senior lawyers, including the then Attorney General K K Venugopal and Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, in the marathon hearing that had lasted for six-and-half-day.

Academician Mohan Gopal had opened the arguments in the case before the bench, which also comprised justices Dinesh Maheshwari, S Ravindra Bhat, Bela M Trivedi, and J B Pardiwala, on September 13 and opposed the EWS quota amendment by terming it as "deceitful and a backdoor attempt" to destroy the concept of reservation.

Tamil Nadu, represented by senior advocate Shekhar Naphade, had also opposed the EWS quota, saying the economic criteria cannot be the basis for classification and the top court will have to revisit the Indira Sawhney (Mandal) judgement if it decides to uphold this reservation.

On the other hand, the then attorney general and the solicitor general had vehemently defended the amendment, saying the reservation provided under it was different and had been given without disturbing the 50 per cent quota meant for the socially and economically backward classes (SEBC).

Hence, the amended provision does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution, they had said. The top court heard as many as 40 petitions and most of the pleas, including the lead one filed by 'Janhit Abhiyan' in 2019, challenged the validity of the Constitution Amendment (103rd) Act 2019. The central government had filed some petitions seeking the transfer of pending cases, challenging the EWS quota law, from various high courts to the apex court for an authoritative pronouncement.

The bench, on September 8, had framed three broad issues for adjudication arising from the pleas challenging the Centre's decision to grant 10 per cent reservation to EWS in admissions and jobs.

It had said the three issues suggested by the then attorney general for the decision "broadly" covered all the aspects relating to the petitions on the constitutional validity of the decision to grant the reservation.

"Whether the 103rd Constitution amendment Act can be said to breach the basic structure of the Constitution by permitting the State to make special provisions, including reservation, based on economic criteria," read the first issue framed.

The second legal question was whether the constitutional amendment could be said to breach the basic structure by permitting the state to make special provisions concerning admissions to private unaided institutions.

"Whether the 103rd Constitution amendment can be said to breach the basic structure of the Constitution in excluding the SEBCs/OBCs, SCs/STs from the scope of EWS reservation," the third issue, to be adjudicated upon by the bench, read.

The doctrine of basic structure was propounded by the top court in 1973 while deciding the Keshavananda Bharati case. It was held that Parliament could not amend every bit of the Constitution, and aspects such as rule of law, separation of powers, and judicial freedom formed part of the "basic structure" of the Constitution and hence, could not be amended. The Centre, through the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, of 2019, introduced the provision for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) reservation in admissions and public services.

(With PTI Inputs)