Polio is a viral infection that can potentially lead to paralysis and, in severe cases, fatal outcomes. Its transmission typically occurs through contact with the waste products of an infected individual or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Poliovirus exists in three distinct types: type 1, type 2, and type 3. Type 1 is the most prevalent and has the highest propensity to cause paralysis. While type 2 and type 3 have been successfully eradicated worldwide, type 1 persists in select regions.
In this regard, Dr K.V. Raja Ramesh, who is a DCH, DNB, and Consultant Pediatrician, at Omni Hospitals said, "The majority of poliovirus infections do not manifest noticeable symptoms in those affected. Nevertheless, some individuals may experience mild flu-like manifestations such as fever, headaches, sore throat, and muscle discomfort. In rare instances, the virus can target the nervous system, resulting in paralysis. Paralysis can affect any part of the body, though it most commonly affects the lower limbs."
"Regrettably, there is no known cure for polio. However, there is a highly effective and safe vaccine that provides a robust defence against this disease. The polio vaccine is considered one of the most vital immunizations for children. Timely identification and appropriate care are crucial in minimizing the likelihood of severe complications," he added.
The Situation In India:
Polio left many of its survivors with life-long disabilities, impacting their education, employability, and socio-economic advancement. The physical limitations often translated into social stigmatization. Affected children, especially in rural regions, faced difficulties in accessing basic educational and health services, further widening the disparities in the society.
Dr. Rahul Tambe, who is a Senior Consultant, Internal Medicine, at Nanavati Max Super Speciality Hospital, Mumbai said, "For nearly two decades, polio, also known as poliomyelitis, casts a dark shadow over country’s healthcare landscape. India’s Polio eradication program emerged as a beacon of hope, defying national and international skeptics who believed the disease was un-eradicable, especially in India given its vast administrative and clinical challenges."
"India integrated the oral polio vaccine into its Universal Immunization Programme, against a daunting backdrop of over 200,000 annual polio cases. Fast forward to 13th January 2011, when India reported its last polio case and was declared polio free by World Health Organisation by 2014. The influence of polio on India's societal and healthcare fabric has been both profound and transformative," he added.
Impact Of Polio And Victory Over It:
Dr. Rahul Tambe said, "Recognizing the magnitude of the crisis, the Indian government, with support from global organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and Rotary International, initiated the Pulse Polio Immunization (PPI) programme in 1995. With the tagline ‘Do Boond Zindagi Ki,’ millions of healthcare workers and volunteers vaccinated children, even in the remotest parts of the country. India's relentless efforts achieved a success of much greater magnitude when the country reported its last polio case in 2011 in West Bengal."
"The victory over polio strengthened India's confidence in its public health capabilities. The infrastructure, partnerships, and public mobilization strategies developed during the anti-polio campaign and significantly informed and influenced the country's subsequent health initiatives, including the world’s largest COVID-19 vaccination drive. The story of polio in India is not just about a disease but about the resilience of a nation. It is a testament to what collective action, backed by science and determination, can achieve," he added.
The Role Of Education In Eradicating Polio From India
Dr. Faisal B Nadi, who is an MD (Peds), DCH, PGDHHM, and Pediatrician, at Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad said, "Eradicating polio from India was a monumental public health achievement, and education played a crucial role in this success story. It is the key to raising awareness about the importance of vaccination and disease prevention. In India, a lack of awareness and understanding about polio and the polio vaccine was a major challenge. Educational initiatives, including school programs, community workshops, and lately media campaigns, were instrumental in dispelling myths and misconceptions surrounding vaccination. People became more informed about the benefits of immunization and the risks associated with polio, leading to increased vaccine acceptance."
"Educational programs also helped mobilize communities to actively participate in polio vaccination campaigns. Local schools, colleges, and community organizations played a crucial role in disseminating information about vaccination dates and locations. Through education, individuals and communities understood their responsibility in the fight against polio, leading to higher vaccination coverage. Education spreads healthcare literacy, empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health and the health of their children. As people became more educated, they understood the reason for polio vaccination. Early detection and reporting of cases were essential in ensuring a swift response to contain the virus," he added.
The eradication of polio in India is an evidence to the transformative power of education in improving public health outcomes. It serves as a model for other countries facing similar challenges, demonstrating that with the right educational initiatives and collective effort, even the most formidable public health threats can be overcome. Education continues to be a vital tool in maintaining polio-free status and addressing future health crises.