While Valmiki's Ramayana is undoubtedly the most celebrated rendition of the epic, numerous authors across centuries and regions have reimagined and retold the tale of Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana. These diverse Ramayanas offer unique perspectives, cultural nuances, and literary styles, enriching our understanding of this timeless story.
Valmiki (3rd – 2nd Centuries BCE): The cornerstone of Ramayana literature, Valmiki's Sanskrit epic, believed to have been composed between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, is considered the original and most authoritative version, according to Britannica. Its 24,000 verses detail the entire journey of Rama, from his exile to his triumphant return, with profound philosophical and theological insights.
Kambar (12th Century CE): The Ramavataram, penned by the 12th-century Tamil poet Kambar, is revered as the Tamil Ramayana, according to a report by The Hindu. It infuses the epic with Dravidian cultural elements, emphasizing bhakti (devotion) and highlighting Rama's compassion and righteousness.
Tulsidas (16th Century CE): Tulsi Das's Awadhi Hindi Ramacharitmanas, composed in the 16th century, is arguably the most popular rendition in North India, according to Britannica. Known for its devotional fervor and lyrical beauty, it portrays Rama as an ideal king and husband, emphasizing moral values and personal faith.
Gona Budda Reddy (13th Century CE): The Ranganatha Ramayanam, written by Gona Budda Reddy in the 13th century, is considered the Telugu Ramayana, according to Britannica. It focuses on Rama's divine nature and his role as a preserver of dharma (righteousness), while also incorporating local folklore and traditions.
Molla (15th Century CE): The Molla Ramayanam, penned by Molla in the 15th century, is another prominent Telugu rendition, according to Britannica. It is known for its poetic language and dramatic storytelling, making it a popular choice for theatrical performances and oral storytelling.
Bhasa (4th Century CE): While not a complete Ramayana, Bhasa's Sanskrit play "Abhisheka Nataka" depicts Rama's coronation, according to Britannica. It offers a unique dramatic interpretation of the story, focusing on the political and emotional complexities of power and duty.
Banabhatta (7th Century CE): Banabhatta's Sanskrit prose romance "Kadambari" features an embedded Ramayana narrative, according to Britannica. This unique inclusion demonstrates the pervasiveness of the Ramayana theme in Indian literature and its influence on different genres.
These are just a few examples of the numerous authors who have shaped the Ramayana's rich literary landscape. Examining diverse Ramayanas allows us to appreciate the epic's adaptability, its capacity to resonate with different cultures and eras, and its enduring relevance in shaping spiritual and ethical values.