Cervical cancer is defined as cancer that originates in the cervix's cells. Cervical dysplasia, or the emergence of aberrant cells in the cervical tissue, is a condition that occurs in the cells of the cervix before cancer does. If left unchecked, the aberrant cells have the potential to develop into cancerous ones that eventually invade the cervix and its surrounding tissues.
According to Dr Rajeev Vijayakumar, who is the Sr Consultant Medical Oncology, and Hemato Oncology & BMT Physician, at Gleneagles Hospitals Bengaluru, "After a biopsy, i.e. removal of a sample of tissue to assess subtype of disease, the doctor does staging using clinical examination and Imaging tests like CT scan , MRI and PET CT scan."
Cervical cancer progresses through distinct stages, each offering valuable insights for treatment and prognosis as mentioned by Dr. Devavrat Arya, who is a Senior Director, and Medical Oncologist, at Max Hospital, Saket, New Delhi.
Stage I: Confined Beginnings
Stage I marks the earliest phase, where cancer remains confined to the cervix, the neck of the uterus. This stage is further categorized into IA and IB based on tumor size and depth of invasion.
- Stage IA: The tumor is microscopic, detectable only through biopsies or advanced imaging techniques.
- Stage IB: The tumor is visible, but still limited to the cervix.
Stage II: Stepping Beyond the Cervix
Stage II signifies cancer's spread beyond the cervix, but still within the pelvic region. It's further divided into A and B based on the extent of involvement:
- Stage IIA: Cancer reaches the upper two-thirds of the vagina or the parametrium, connective tissue on either side of the uterus.
- Stage IIB: Cancer invades the lower one-third of the vagina or the pelvic side wall.
Stage III: Reaching Advanced Stages
Stage III marks a more advanced phase, where cancer spreads further within the pelvis or involves nearby lymph nodes. It's categorized as:
- Stage IIIA: Cancer involves lymph nodes located near the cervix or lower part of the aorta, the main artery.
- Stage IIIB: Cancer involves lymph nodes higher in the pelvis or blocks one or both ureters, tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Stage IV: Distant Spread
Stage IV represents the most advanced stage, where cancer has spread to distant organs beyond the pelvis, such as the lungs, liver, or bones.
While navigating the complexities of cervical cancer can be daunting, understanding the stages empowers individuals to make informed decisions and face the journey with knowledge and strength.
Tips To Prevent And Manage Cervical Cancer
Dr. N. Sapna Lulla, who is the Lead Consultant, of Obstetrics & Gynecology, at Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore said, "Cervical cancer, primarily caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is a significant health concern affecting women globally. Prevention and management strategies are crucial in reducing its incidence and impact."
Here are evidence-based medical perspectives on preventing and managing cervical cancer as suggested by him:
- Prevention:
1. Vaccination: Administer HPV vaccines early in adolescence to protect against high-risk HPV types.
2. Regular Screening: Implement routine Pap smears and HPV testing to detect precancerous lesions early.
3. Behavioral Education: Promote safe sexual practices and risk reduction to minimize HPV transmission.
4. Smoking Cessation: Encourage smoking cessation, as tobacco use increases cervical cancer risk.
5. Nutritional Support: Advocate for a diet rich in antioxidants and nutrients to bolster immune function.
- Management:
1. Early Intervention: Treat identified precancerous lesions to prevent progression.
2. Surgical Options: Consider excisional procedures or hysterectomy for advanced cases.
3. Radiation Therapy: Employ radiation for localized disease, tailoring dosage to individual cases.
4. Chemotherapy: Administer systemic chemotherapy for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer.
5. Follow-Up Care: Monitor patients’ post-treatment for potential recurrence, ensuring comprehensive surveillance.
Implementing these medical measures will fortify cervical cancer prevention and enhance the efficacy of management strategies.