Opinion: Miscarriage To Low Birth Weight Of Newborns — How Air Pollution Impacts Pregnant Women

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and in newborns is linked to poor health outcomes such as low birth weight and respiratory issues. Women are highly susceptible to air pollution.

By Dr. Archana Dhawan Bajaj

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is widely recognised as a substantial risk factor for poor health outcomes, particularly in sensitive groups such as pregnant women and newborns. Pregnancy renders women especially exposed to air pollution. Pollutants can enter the placenta and damage the developing fetus, resulting in issues such as preeclampsia and low birth weight. 

Beyond the acute respiratory concerns, air pollution has a long-term influence on women's health, affecting their reproductive systems and cardiovascular well-being. 

Pregnant women and neonates who are exposed to high levels of air pollution are more likely to experience negative health outcomes such as maternal hypertension, postpartum depression, placental abruption, low birth weight, preterm birth, infant mortality, adverse lung and respiratory effects and even miscarriage.

Relationship Between Environment And Fertility 

Up to 99% of the global population is exposed to air pollution that exceeds WHO standards. And women are at a higher risk to effects of air pollution as a result of a combination of biological, cultural, and lifestyle factors. Air pollution has been linked to increased incidence of miscarriages, pregnancy problems, and stillbirths, negatively impacting women's reproductive health.

Hormonal differences contribute to the effect of biological factors of air pollution on women. Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle can increase women's susceptibility to the harmful effects of air pollutants.

Additionally, societal factors are also important.

In many regions of the world, women are responsible for cooking indoors with harmful fuels such as solid biomass. This creates a highly contaminated atmosphere where they breathe in air pollutants for an extended period of time. 

Furthermore, research indicates a strong link between environmental factors and fertility rates. Endocrine disruptors included in pesticides, plastics, and air pollution can disrupt hormonal cycles, hinder ovulation and perhaps lower egg quality, making it more difficult for women to conceive besides reducing sperm quality. 

In addition, lifestyle factors such as food, exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake can have a major impact on reproductive health.

Embrace Precautionary Measures And Breathe Easy 

While air pollution poses a serious concern, there are things women may do to protect themselves. 

Be aware of the air quality in your locality by staying up to date on local pollution levels and predictions. Reduce exposure to indoor air pollution by improving kitchen ventilation, using cleaner fuels, and investing in air purifiers. 

Along with this, do not forget to adopt a healthy lifestyle by eating a balanced diet high in antioxidants, exercising frequently, and managing pre-existing medical conditions. 

Lastly, advocate for change by joining forces with other women to lobby for clean air projects and stronger pollution rules. 

Dr. Archana Dhawan Bajaj is Gynecologist, Obstetrician and IVF Expert at Nurture IVF Clinic, New Delhi.

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]