Solar Panels In Space: How They Can Revolutionise Extraplanetary Exploration

Space exploration is no easy feat; it demands copious amounts of energy to propel spacecraft, maintain life support systems, and power scientific instruments.

By Tanmoy Duari

NASA may not have invented solar cells, but it played a crucial role in keeping this technology alive and pushing it forward when it faced economic challenges. Today, our thirst for knowledge doesn't stop at our home planet's doorstep. To quench this curiosity, we need sustainable energy sources in space, and one technology taking centre stage is none other than solar panels. These power-packed devices, which we often see adorning rooftops on Earth, are transforming space exploration in remarkable ways.

When it comes to meeting the energy demands of space exploration and habitation, traditional solar cells made of silicon or gallium arsenide pose a significant challenge due to their excessive weight, making them unsuitable for rocket transport. To overcome this obstacle, scientists have ventured into exploring lightweight alternatives, such as solar cells made from a thin layer of molybdenum selenide.

Space exploration is no easy feat; it demands copious amounts of energy to propel spacecraft, maintain life support systems, and power scientific instruments. Back in the early days of space exploration, there were limitations aplenty, with batteries being the primary energy source. These batteries were hefty, had limited lifespans, and couldn't provide the continuous power necessary for extended missions. However, today's solution lies in 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMDC) solar cells. Although their efficiency may not match up to silicon-based solar panels, they possess the remarkable ability to generate more power for their weight, resulting in impressive specific power outputs.

Numerous experiments have underscored that solar panels are the answer to these limitations. Solar power boasts several advantages that make it a perfect fit for space experiments. The Sun, after all, is an almost endless source of energy. Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into electricity, offering a steady and reliable power source as long as there's sunlight.

Weight has long been a major concern in space travel planning. Traditional energy sources like batteries are hefty, whereas solar panels are relatively lightweight. This weight reduction translates into lower launch costs and more room for scientific instruments and equipment. Moreover, these panels boast longer lifespans compared to older methods, allowing experiments to be conducted without time constraints.

In recent years, extensive research and experimentation have led to significant advancements in space-based solar panels. For instance, efficiency has reached a point where solar panels can generate power even in limited sunlight. Given the unpredictable nature of space environments, durability has become a major concern, but modern solar panels are engineered to withstand high temperatures, radiation, and more.

With these advancements, solar panels have found their way into various aspects of space exploration. They serve as the primary power source for most spacecraft, generating electricity for onboard systems, communication with Earth, and scientific experiments. Similarly, space stations like the International Space Station heavily rely on solar panels for their energy needs, powering life support systems, experiments, and astronauts' daily activities.

Furthermore, rovers and landers sent to distant planets, such as Mars, employ solar panels to generate electricity for their missions, enabling them to explore and send valuable data back to Earth. Even iconic space telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope rely on solar panels to observe distant galaxies and stars, unravelling the mysteries of the universe.

If the pace of space exploration continues, the role of solar panels will become increasingly pivotal. Future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond will heavily rely on solar power. This is why researchers tirelessly work on improving the efficiency and durability of space solar panels, ensuring they remain a cornerstone of sustainable space exploration.

(The author is the CEO of AXITEC Energy India Pvt. Ltd, a solar module manufacturer)

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