He was administered oath of office and secrecy by Punjab Governor V.P. Singh Badnore at an impressive ceremony at the Punjab Raj Bhawan here.
Amarinder, a former Army captain, took the oath in English.
This is the second time that Amarinder, 75, has become Chief Minister of the state. He was earlier in office from 2002 to 2007.
Top Congress leaders, including former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi, attended the ceremony.
Prominent faces at the ceremony included Anand Sharma, Bhupinder Singh Hooda, Kapil Sibal, Raj Babbar, Ambika Soni, Rajeev Shukla, Sachin Pilot, Rajya Sabha MP Subhash Chandra, Ashok Gehlot, Asha Kumari.
Amarinder's family members, including his wife and former Union Minister Preneet Kaur, were also present.
Amarinder's friend from Pakistan, Aroosa Alam, also attended the swearing-in ceremony.
The swearing-in ceremony was kept simple, as desired by Amarinder Singh, in view of Punjab's financial health.
The low-key swearing-in opted for by Amarinder, who comes from the erstwhile royal family of Patiala, is in sharp contrast to crores of rupees spent by his predecessor Parkash Singh Badal for similar events in 2007 and 2012.
The Punjab government is believed to be under a massive debt of over Rs 200,000 crore, as claimed by the Congress during campaigning.
The Congress swept the elections with 77 seats in the 117-member assembly.