With India celebrating its Independence Day, the tricolour flies high, representing the country's hard-won freedom. This day not only marks the end of colonial rule in 1947 but also honours the countless sacrifices made during the long and arduous struggle for freedom. While the pages of history often highlight prominent male leaders, the contribution of women in the freedom movement was equally significant. These fearless women broke societal barriers, took up leadership, and faced dangers head-on, leaving behind legacies that continue to inspire generations.
From commanding armed rebellions to fighting for education and social reform, these remarkable leaders played pivotal roles in shaping India’s destiny. On this special occasion, we pay tribute to some of the greatest women leaders of India’s freedom struggle.
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Rani Lakshmi Bai (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858)
Perhaps the most legendary figure of the 1857 Indian Rebellion, Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi was a heroine of bravery and resistance against British authority. Married at a young age to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, she was widowed at the age of 25 but refused to give up her kingdom. She led her forces with unmatched bravery, continuing the fight even after Jhansi fell, until she was killed in battle in 1858. Her valour remains legendary in India’s history.
Savitri Bai Phule (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897)
A pioneering social reformer and educator of women, Savitri Bai Phule opposed caste-based discrimination and gender disparity. She founded the first girls' school in Pune in 1848 and devoted herself to empowering marginalised sections, paving the way for a more equitable and literate India.
Sarojini Naidu (13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949)
The 'Nightingale of India,' Sarojini Naidu blended poetry and politics. A true champion of women's rights, she became a part of the freedom movement, participated in the Quit India Movement, and eventually served as the first woman governor of Uttar Pradesh. Her articulateness and leadership had a lasting influence on Indian politics and culture.
Kasturba Gandhi (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944)
Wife of Mahatma Gandhi, Kasturba Gandhi was an influential leader in her own right. She actively participated in the freedom movement, including the Satyagraha campaigns, and faced multiple imprisonments both in South Africa and India. Her resilience, quiet strength, and commitment to justice made her one of the most respected women leaders of the independence struggle.
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (18 August 1900 – 1 December 1990)
One of the Indian National Congress's most leading members, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was closely associated with the independence movement and was arrested several times. Post-independence, she made history by being India's first envoy to the Soviet Union and the first female President of the United Nations General Assembly, which reflected India's diplomatic prowess in international society.
Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820 – 1879)
The Begum of Awadh and wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, Begum Hazrat Mahal emerged as a key leader during the 1857 War of Independence. When the British annexed Awadh, she organised rebel forces and led the resistance in several fierce battles. Though forced to flee after defeat, her dedication to the cause of freedom made her a lasting symbol of resistance and determination.
Kamla Chattopadhyay (3 April 1903 – 29 October 1988)
Influenced by her patriotic upbringing, Kamla Chattopadhyay became an Indian National Congress member and emerged as a prominent leader. She worked tirelessly for independence and, post-1947, went on to work for women's rights and social justice. As a Constituent Assembly member, she helped frame India's Constitution.
Madam Bhikaji Cama (24 September 1861 – 13 August 1936)
A strong voice for equal rights, Madam Bhikaji Cama was a prominent early freedom fighter. Operating from Europe, she worked abroad on behalf of India's independence and is attributed with hoisting an early Indian national flag at the 1907 International Socialist Conference held in Germany.
Kittur Chennamma (14 November 1778 – 21 February 1829)
Decades before the 1857 revolt, Rani Kittur Chennamma of Karnataka led an armed rebellion against the British in 1824 to protect her kingdom. Although ultimately defeated, her determination and courage inspired later generations of freedom fighters.
Aruna Asaf Ali (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996)
The 'Grand Old Lady of the Independence Movement' is how Aruna Asaf Ali is referred to. She was a key figure in the Quit India Movement of 1942. She is famous for having flown the Congress flag at Gowalia Tank Maidan in defiance of British rules. She was imprisoned for years and subsequently served as the mayor of Delhi. Her life was committed to political action and social reform.