Bedwetting In Children: Causes, Warning Signs And When To Consult A Doctor

Doc Talk | Antibiotics Not Working After 48 Hours? Signs You Should Not Ignore

Dr Shilpa Gupta — Sat, 31 Oct 2026 14:44:44 +0530

Antibiotics do not work instantly, and lack of improvement after 48 hours does not always mean treatment has failed. But persistent or worsening symptoms can be a reason to reassess the diagnosis and treatment.

It is easy to become impatient when an antibiotic has been prescribed and the fever, cough, sore throat or pain is still there two days later. Many people begin wondering whether the medicine is “strong enough” or whether they should stop taking it and try something else. Both reactions can be misleading.

Antibiotics are designed to treat bacterial infections, but they do not provide immediate relief from symptoms. Even when the medicine is appropriate, the body may need time to clear the infection and recover from the inflammation it has caused. Improvement can vary depending on the infection, the antibiotic being used and the person’s overall health.

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Why Are You Not Feeling Better After 48 Hours On Antibiotics?

There is also another important possibility: the illness may not be bacterial in the first place. Many common respiratory infections, for example, are caused by viruses, against which antibiotics have no effect. Taking an antibiotic unnecessarily will not speed recovery and can expose a person to side effects and contribute to antibiotic resistance, making some bacteria harder to treat in the future.

So, what should you expect after starting an antibiotic? After‍‌‍‍‌ a few bacterial infections, symptoms may appear to be on the road to recovery within 48 to 72 hours, yet, that is just a typical pattern in some infectious conditions that cannot be generalized for ‍‌‍‍‌all. Fever, tiredness, cough or discomfort may take longer to settle even when treatment is working. What matters is the overall direction: are symptoms gradually improving, staying unchanged or getting worse?

If there is no improvement after around two to three days, or symptoms are worsening at any point, it is reasonable to contact the treating doctor. The‍‌‍‍‌ doctor will most probably assess whether the original diagnosis was correct, whether the infection needs another type of treatment, or whether there is another condition causing the ‍‌‍‍‌symptoms.

Warning Signs That Mean You Should See A Doctor

Certain symptoms should not be monitored at home while waiting for an antibiotic to work. Difficulty breathing, chest pain, confusion, severe weakness, persistent vomiting, dehydration, a rapidly worsening infection, severe allergic symptoms such as swelling of the face or difficulty breathing, or a very high or persistent fever warrant prompt medical attention. People with significant underlying illnesses or weakened immunity may also need earlier review.

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Should You Stop Or Change Antibiotics?

One of the most common mistakes is changing the antibiotic without medical advice. If the medicine has been prescribed, do not stop, extend or switch the course simply because you are not feeling better after two days. At the same time, do not assume that every symptom requires an antibiotic. The right treatment depends on the cause of the illness.

Two days without improvement is a reason to reassess, not automatically a reason to panic or change medicines yourself. Patients should look at whether symptoms are improving overall and speak to their doctor if they are not, particularly if symptoms are worsening. The priority is to confirm that the diagnosis and treatment are appropriate rather than simply choosing a stronger antibiotic.

Antibiotics‍‌‍‍‌ don't operate like magical symptom remedies that you take for your cold. They don't give you immediate or even noticeable results. If, however, your symptoms persistently remain or get worse, never take them for granted. Allow time for healing with the drug, never exceed the dosage beyond your prescribing physician's instruction, and, when your recovery isn't on track, consult your physician about the possibility of changing your treatment ‍‌‍‍‌plan.

Disclaimer: The information provided in the article is shared by experts and is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

AIIMS Delhi, SGPGIMS And 4 Other Centres To Study Why Autoimmune Diseases Affect Families Differently

ABP Live Lifestyle — Sat, 31 Oct 2026 10:59:55 +0530

People living in the same house and following similar eating habits can still develop completely different health conditions. While one family member may suffer from diabetes, another may develop heart disease or even cancer. To understand why this happens, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, is planning a major research study.

The study will examine how genetic factors, lifestyle choices and environmental conditions influence the health of different members of the same family. Researchers aim to identify why people sharing the same family background and living environment may have different health risks.

AIIMS To Conduct Four-Year Study On 200 Families

As part of this research project, AIIMS Delhi researchers will shortlist around 200 families from across the country. The study will continue for four years, during which doctors will closely monitor the health and lifestyle patterns of different family members.

A specialised team of doctors will observe their daily routines, eating habits, living conditions and changes in their health. The main objective is to identify the factors that influence health differently, even among people belonging to the same family and living under one roof.

ALSO READ | 77% Patients Die Within 30 Days Due To Infection, Karnataka Hospital Study Finds

Genetics, Lifestyle And Environment To Be Examined

According to medical experts, three major factors play an important role in the development of diseases: genetics, lifestyle and the environment.

The AIIMS study will focus on understanding why people from the same family can respond differently to food habits and environmental conditions, even when they share similar genetic backgrounds.

Researchers will also examine whether differences in work-related stress, sleeping patterns, physical activity and childhood environments contribute to one family member developing a disease while another remains healthy.

Blood Tests And Genetic Sequencing To Be Conducted

During the four-year research period, family members participating in the study will undergo regular blood tests, genetic sequencing and other necessary medical examinations.

The researchers will use this information to prepare a detailed health database. It will help them understand how genetic factors among Indian families interact with lifestyle choices and influence the risk of developing modern health conditions.

The study will particularly examine health conditions such as high blood pressure, obesity, thyroid disorders and mental stress.

ALSO READ | Male Contraceptive Pill: New Birth Control Pill For Men Could Work In Just 30 Mins

How Could This Research Help In Disease Prevention And Treatment?

The findings of this research could prove important for the future of healthcare in India. Understanding why different family members develop different diseases may help doctors provide more personalised treatment based on an individual's genetic makeup, lifestyle and health requirements.

The research could also help people identify their individual health risks at an early stage. With better information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, individuals may be able to make necessary lifestyle changes and take preventive measures before serious health conditions develop.

The study is expected to provide valuable insights into the relationship between genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors, potentially improving disease prevention and treatment in the future.

Male Contraceptive Pill: New Birth Control Pill For Men Could Work In Just 30 Mins

ABP Live Lifestyle — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 19:02:26 +0530

A new male contraceptive pill could offer men an alternative way to prevent pregnancy without relying on hormonal changes. Scientists at Weill Cornell Medicine in the US are working on an experimental birth control pill designed to temporarily affect sperm movement, potentially reducing the chances of pregnancy.

The pill is being developed for use around 30 minutes before sexual intercourse. Early research suggests that its effects could last for approximately six to eight hours. However, the drug is still in the experimental stage and will need to undergo several safety and clinical tests before it can become available for public use.

How Will The Male Contraceptive Pill Work?

Unlike conventional hormonal contraceptives, the experimental male birth control pill aims to prevent sperm from moving normally rather than changing hormone levels.

Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine have focused on an enzyme called soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). This enzyme plays an important role in sperm movement and helps sperm swim towards the egg for fertilisation.

The experimental drug works by temporarily blocking this enzyme. As a result, sperm lose their ability to move normally, making it difficult for them to reach the egg and potentially reducing the chances of pregnancy.

Will Men Have To Take The Pill 30 Minutes Before Sex?

One of the notable features of this experimental contraceptive is its proposed timing of use. Researchers are working on a pill that could be taken approximately 30 minutes before sexual intercourse.

Initial research suggests that its contraceptive effects may last for around six to eight hours. If further studies establish its safety and effectiveness in humans, the pill could potentially offer an on-demand contraceptive option instead of requiring daily consumption.

However, these findings are based on early-stage research. The exact time taken for the drug to become effective and how long its effects will last in humans can only be established through clinical trials.

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Will The Pill Stop Sperm Production?

No. The experimental pill is not designed to stop sperm production in men. Instead, it aims to temporarily affect sperm movement.

This means the body may continue producing sperm, but their ability to swim and reach the egg could be restricted while the drug is active.

Once the effect of the medication wears off, normal sperm movement is expected to return. However, researchers will need to establish whether fertility consistently returns to normal after the drug's effects disappear.

What Needs To Be Tested Before Human Trials?

The experimental contraceptive has so far been studied in animals, including mice. Positive results in animal studies do not necessarily mean that the drug will work in the same way in humans.

Before it can be tested and approved for widespread use, researchers will need to establish several important aspects, including:

Safety: Whether the drug causes any harmful effects on different organs or other bodily functions.
Correct Dosage: How much medication is required to produce the desired contraceptive effect.
Duration Of Action: How quickly the pill starts working and how long its effects continue.
Repeated Use: Whether taking the pill regularly or repeatedly causes any health complications.
Reversibility: Whether sperm movement and fertility return to normal after the drug wears off.

In October 2026, the research team received additional funding to advance toxicity and safety testing. This could help move the research towards its first human clinical trials.

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Can The Pill Affect Male Fertility?

One of the biggest questions surrounding the experimental contraceptive is its long-term impact on male fertility.

Since the drug is designed to temporarily interfere with sperm movement, researchers must establish that its effects are reversible. They will need to monitor whether sperm regain their normal movement after the medication stops working.

Long-term studies will also be important to determine whether repeated use has any lasting impact on sperm quality or reproductive health.

Will The Male Contraceptive Pill Prevent Pregnancy Effectively?

The actual effectiveness of the pill in preventing pregnancy remains unknown. Although early animal studies have shown promising results, its performance in humans will need to be established through clinical trials.

Researchers will have to examine pregnancy rates among couples using the medication and determine whether it provides consistent protection across different individuals.

Until these trials are completed, the pill cannot be considered a proven or reliable contraceptive option.

Will It Protect Against Sexually Transmitted Infections?

No. The experimental male contraceptive pill is being developed specifically to prevent pregnancy. It will not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Condoms will continue to be important for reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections, even if the male contraceptive pill becomes available in the future.

Could This Change The Future Of Birth Control?

If the pill is eventually proven safe and effective, it could introduce another contraceptive option for couples. Currently, several commonly used birth control methods are designed for women, while the choices available to men remain relatively limited.

An effective male contraceptive could help couples share responsibility for family planning rather than placing most of it on women.

However, the new option would not replace existing contraceptive methods. The right choice would continue to depend on individual health requirements, preferences and medical advice.

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]

Does Excessive Screen Time Increase Stroke Risk? Know How It Affects Your Health

ABP Live Lifestyle — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 18:47:04 +0530

Using mobile phones, laptops and computers has become a regular part of everyday life. From checking messages in the morning to scrolling through social media before going to bed, many people spend several hours looking at screens. However, concerns are growing about whether excessive screen time can increase the risk of a stroke.

Can spending long hours on mobile phones or laptops directly cause a stroke? According to doctors, the screen itself is not a direct cause, but the inactive lifestyle often associated with excessive screen use can increase the risk.

Can Long Screen Time Increase The Risk Of Stroke?

According to Dr KK Jindal, Director of Neurosciences at CK Birla Hospital, Delhi, spending time in front of a screen has not been established as a direct cause of stroke. However, sitting for long hours without physical activity can increase the risk over time.

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted. This can happen due to a blockage in a blood vessel or bleeding inside the brain. When the brain does not receive enough oxygen, its cells begin to get damaged.

Getting medical attention immediately is important when someone experiences a stroke.

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Long Sitting Hours May Affect Your Health

The main concern with excessive screen use is often the lack of physical activity. Sitting in one place for several hours can contribute to weight gain and increase the risk of health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol.

These conditions are among the major risk factors for stroke.

A study published in the American Stroke Association's journal Stroke found that adults aged 60 or younger who spent at least eight hours a day on sedentary leisure activities and had low physical activity levels faced a higher risk of stroke than more active people.

However, the study does not prove that screen time directly causes a stroke. It highlights the possible link between an inactive lifestyle and increased stroke risk.

Is Spending More Hours On Screens Always Dangerous?

The number of hours spent looking at a screen alone cannot determine a person's stroke risk.

For example, someone who works on a computer throughout the day but exercises regularly may have a different risk level from someone who spends the same amount of time sitting without any physical activity.

Sitting for long periods can affect metabolism and blood circulation. Using mobile phones and laptops late at night can also disturb sleep.

Poor sleep may make it harder to manage blood pressure and overall metabolic health.

There is no fixed screen-time limit after which a person will definitely develop a stroke. Spending several hours on a phone does not automatically mean that someone will have a stroke.

Who Should Be More Careful About Stroke Risk?

People with certain health conditions need to pay extra attention to their health. These include:

People with high blood pressure
People living with diabetes
Those with high cholesterol
People dealing with obesity
Those with existing heart conditions
People who have previously experienced a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

High blood pressure is one of the most important controllable risk factors for stroke. Regular blood pressure checks, following medical advice and staying physically active can help reduce the risk.

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Can Young People Also Experience A Stroke?

Stroke is not limited to older adults. Although the risk generally increases with age, younger people can also experience a stroke.

Certain medical conditions and lifestyle-related risk factors can increase the chances of stroke at a younger age. Therefore, young people should not ignore their health or assume that they are completely safe from the condition.

Ways To Reduce The Risk While Using Screens Daily

People who depend on mobile phones and computers for work do not need to stop using screens completely. Instead, they should avoid sitting in the same position for several hours without taking breaks.

Some simple habits that may help include:

Get up and walk around at regular intervals.
Take short breaks between work sessions.
Try walking while talking on the phone, whenever possible.
Include stretching and physical activity in your daily routine.
Maintain a balanced diet.
Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption.
Get adequate sleep.

Adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity every week. Strength-building exercises can also be included according to individual fitness levels.

Is Reducing Screen Time Enough To Prevent A Stroke?

Simply reducing screen time is not enough to prevent a stroke. Managing health conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol is equally important.

Regular exercise, a healthy diet, proper sleep and routine health check-ups can help manage several stroke risk factors.

What Are The Warning Signs Of A Stroke?

Recognising the early symptoms of a stroke is extremely important because timely medical treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Some common warning signs include:

Face Drooping: One side of the face suddenly starts drooping.
Arm Weakness: Sudden weakness or numbness in one arm or one side of the body.
Speech Difficulty: Trouble speaking or understanding what others are saying.
Vision Problems: Sudden difficulty seeing clearly.
Loss Of Balance: Sudden dizziness or difficulty walking.
Severe Headache: A sudden and unusually severe headache without an obvious reason.

If someone experiences any of these symptoms, seek emergency medical help immediately. Do not wait for the symptoms to disappear, even if they improve after a few minutes.

Doc Talk | Dandruff Or Dry Scalp? How To Identify Your Flakes And Treat Them Right

Dr Manoj Kumar H Parekh — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 15:07:47 +0530

You’ve tried the anti-dandruff shampoo your best friend swore by. You’ve tested the lemon-and-curd hack from the family WhatsApp group, and you’ve religiously applied weekly oil massages. Yet, those persistent white specks on your shoulders refuse to leave.

If this sounds familiar, the issue might not be the effort you are putting in, it’s likely that your scalp requires a completely different kind of care.

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Flakes Are Not One-Size-Fits-All

It is easy to label every visible flake as classic dandruff. However, scalp flaking stems from distinct underlying causes, even if the visual symptoms occasionally overlap. A dehydrated, dry scalp and an oily, dandruff-prone scalp both shed skin, but the mechanisms driving them are entirely different. Naturally, their solutions must be different, too.

Know Your Flakes: Oily vs. Dry

Oily Flakes: These tend to be larger, yellowish or off-white, and often feel sticky, heavy, or clumped together. They occur on an oilier scalp and are frequently accompanied by intense itchiness and hair that gets greasy shortly after washing.
Dry Flakes: These are noticeably smaller, lighter, and powdery. They scatter easily when you brush your hair or scratch your head. This type of flaking usually comes with a tight, dehydrated scalp and overall hair dryness.

What Is Dandruff, Really?

True dandruff is a physiological condition closely linked to an overgrowth of Malassezia, a yeast-like fungus that naturally lives on the human scalp. On oily scalps, this microorganism feeds on excess sebum (oil). This process generates irritating by products that cause inflammation and trigger rapid cell turnover, leading to visible, clumped flakes and persistent itching.

Dandruff is not simply a matter of visible flakes. It involves a complex interplay of the scalp's natural oil production and an individual's unique susceptibility to irritation. Understanding these core drivers is essential for choosing effective scalp care, rather than treating every instance of flaking with the same harsh remedy.

Why The Wrong Shampoo Can Backfire

Reaching for a standard anti-dandruff shampoo for every single flake often creates more problems than it solves. Formulations built to strip excess sebum and fight fungal overgrowth are usually too harsh for an already dehydrated scalp, leaving it even tighter, more irritated, and flakier than before. Conversely, relying solely on heavy, rich moisture masks will fail to clear an oily scalp battling fungal-driven dandruff.

The goal isn't to declare one type of shampoo superior to another, but to select a precise formulation suited to your scalp's immediate biological needs. If severe flaking or irritation persists, consulting a dermatologist is always more effective than endlessly rotating through off-the-shelf hair products.

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Matching Your Scalp To The Right Solution

Effective scalp health comes down to targeted, pH-balanced care. Use those brands that are recognised for their specialised pH 5.5 approach to protecting the skin's protective acid mantle, design tailored formulas for distinct scalp environments:

For Oily Flakes: Use formulations that utilise active ingredients like Piroctone Olamine to target microbial growth and gently dissolve stubborn, oily flakes.
For Dry Flakes: Use formulations that leverage plant-based proteins and gentle conditioning complexes to deeply hydrate, soothe tightness, and reduce dry scaling.

Before buying another product or trying another DIY remedy, take a closer look at what your hair is shedding. Are your flakes heavy and clumped, or light and powdery? Listening to what your scalp is actually telling you is the fastest route to a clear, healthy hair foundation.

77% Patients Die Within 30 Days Due To Infection, Karnataka Hospital Study Finds

ABP Live Lifestyle — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 13:27:52 +0530

Hospitals are expected to provide treatment and help patients recover from illnesses. However, hospital-acquired infections can sometimes pose serious risks, particularly for those who are already critically ill. A study conducted at a private hospital in Karnataka has highlighted the alarming impact of one such infection, with nearly 77% of affected patients dying within 30 days.

The study, conducted between July 2021 and December 2023, examined 154 patients whose blood samples tested positive for a bacterium called Acinetobacter baumannii. This bacterium is known for its ability to resist several antibiotics, making infections difficult to treat. The findings revealed that 118 out of the 154 patients died within 30 days of the infection being detected.

What Is Acinetobacter Baumannii Bacteria?

Acinetobacter baumannii is a type of bacteria commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections. It can cause serious illnesses, particularly among patients who are already suffering from critical health conditions or are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs).

The bacteria can affect different parts of the body, including the lungs, bloodstream and other tissues. One of the biggest concerns is that certain strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, which makes treatment more challenging.

When an infection does not respond to commonly used antibiotics, doctors may have limited treatment options. This can lead to complications and further deterioration in a patient's condition.

Therefore, identifying the bacteria through appropriate diagnostic tests and selecting medicines based on the infection are crucial for effective treatment.

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Nearly 77% Patients Died Within 30 Days

The study reported a high mortality rate among patients infected with Acinetobacter baumannii. Out of the 154 patients included in the research, 118 died within 30 days of the infection being identified.

This accounts for approximately 76.6% of the total patients. The findings also highlighted that the risk was particularly high during the initial days of infection.

According to the study, 57.1% of the patients died within the first seven days after the infection was detected. This indicates how rapidly the infection can become life-threatening, especially in patients with existing health complications.

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Lung And Catheter-Related Infections Reported

The study also identified different sources of infection among the affected patients.

More than half of the patients had lung infections. These infections can be particularly dangerous for critically ill individuals, especially those who require respiratory support or are admitted to intensive care.

Around 29% of the cases were linked to catheter-associated infections. A catheter is a thin tube inserted into the body to deliver medicines or fluids, or to drain bodily fluids. If proper hygiene and sterilisation practices are not followed, these tubes can become a potential source of infection.

Why Are Hospital Hygiene And Infection Control Important?

Hospital-acquired infections can increase the risk of complications and make recovery more difficult. Patients admitted to ICUs or those receiving ventilator support are particularly vulnerable because of their critical health conditions and exposure to medical procedures.

Following proper infection-control practices is essential to reduce these risks. Hospitals and healthcare professionals need to pay attention to several preventive measures, including:

Regular Hand Hygiene: Doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers should clean their hands properly before and after attending to patients.
Sterilisation Of Medical Equipment: Medical instruments and devices must be cleaned and disinfected according to established safety protocols.
Proper Catheter Care: Catheters should be handled carefully, with appropriate hygiene measures followed during insertion and use.
ICU Infection Control: Patients in intensive care and those on ventilators require additional monitoring and preventive care.
Timely Diagnosis: Identifying infections early can help doctors choose appropriate treatment and reduce the risk of complications.

The findings underline the importance of hospital infection-control measures, timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment, particularly for patients who are already critically ill.

Doc Talk | How Robotic Kidney Transplants Can Make Surgery Safer For Donors And Recipients

Dr Mohan Keshavamurthy — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:54:27 +0530

Every living-donor kidney transplant involves two patients: one whose life depends on receiving a healthy organ, and another who undergoes surgery despite being well. That places a particular responsibility on the transplant team. A good outcome is not only a functioning kidney. It is also a donor who recovers safely and returns to life with as little disruption as possible.

The Growing Need For Safer Living-Donor Kidney Transplants

This balance matters greatly in India, where the number of people who need a kidney transplant is far higher than the organs available, and living donors remain central to meeting that need. While deceased donation must grow, we must also keep asking how living donation can be made safer and less physically demanding.

For the recipient, transplantation comes after years of living with kidney disease. Medicines, dietary restrictions, hospital visits and dialysis may have shaped everyday life. A transplant can offer freedom from much of this routine, but recovery from the surgery remains an important part of the journey.

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How Robotic-Assisted Surgery Can Support Recovery

In my experience with the da Vinci surgical system, robotic-assisted surgery can make recovery less physically demanding for patients. Three-dimensional visualisation, articulated instruments and tremor filtration allow surgeons to perform precise dissection and suturing in confined spaces. By enabling the procedure to be performed through smaller incisions with less disruption to surrounding tissue, the approach may help reduce wound-related problems and support early recovery.

This can be particularly relevant when transplantation is technically more demanding. Obesity, previous abdominal surgery or altered anatomy may increase operative complexity and the risk of wound complications. Such circumstances make careful assessment and individualised surgical planning especially important. Two patients we treated recently are good examples.

The first was a 53-year-old man with chronic kidney disease who had previously had a kidney removed. His niece donated a kidney, and he had stable early graft function. The second was a 42-year-old woman with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Her mother donated, allowing her to receive a transplant before dialysis became necessary. She, too, recovered steadily.

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Why Individualised Surgical Planning Matters

The cases differed in their anatomy, disease course and timing. What they had in common was the need for a surgical plan shaped around the individual patient. The decision to use a robotic approach cannot begin with the technology. It must begin with the recipient’s condition, the donor organ, the surgeon’s assessment and the experience of the transplant team.

Prioritising Donor Safety And Recovery

The donor’s experience requires equal consideration. A living donor accepts the risks and disruption of surgery entirely for another person’s benefit. We therefore have an obligation to make donation as safe and physically manageable as possible.

Robotic-assisted donor nephrectomy offers a minimally invasive way to remove the kidney, with the potential for less postoperative discomfort and an earlier return to normal activity. It will not, by itself, increase organ donation. Families make these decisions based on medical, emotional, social, and ethical considerations. But if surgery becomes less daunting for the donor, it can remove one source of anxiety from an already difficult decision.

Building The Right Infrastructure For Robotic Transplantation

The future of robotic transplantation will depend on how responsibly it is developed. A robotic system alone does not create a transplant programme. Hospitals need trained surgeons, anaesthetists, nephrologists, operating-room teams and critical-care specialists working within established protocols. They also need systems for donor evaluation, patient selection, postoperative care and long-term follow-up.

Training is especially important because transplantation leaves little room for inconsistency. Surgeons must have experience in both transplant and robotic surgery, supported by structured mentorship. The objective is not to make every transplant robotic. It is to recognise where the approach can offer genuine clinical value and where conventional surgery remains the better choice.

Measuring Outcomes Beyond Technology

Data can also help hospitals benchmark performance, strengthen training and identify areas for improvement. But decisions in transplantation will continue to depend on factors that cannot be reduced to an algorithm: the recipient’s health, the donor’s safety, organ quality, anatomy and the likely long-term outcome.

India must therefore build evidence alongside capability. Robotic transplantation should be judged by measures that matter to donors and recipients: surgical complications, graft function, recovery, quality of life, long-term outcomes and value across the full course of care.

Disclaimer: The information provided in the article is shared by experts and is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Ageing Muscles May Sacrifice Strength To Prevent Cell Damage, Study Reveals

Devyani Nautiyal — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 07:51:03 +0530

Muscles naturally lose strength as people age, but scientists have discovered that this decline may involve an unexpected protective response. A new study by the University of Copenhagen has identified a key molecule linked to muscle ageing and found that restoring some of its levels reversed signs of muscle wasting in mice. The findings could help researchers develop future treatments for age-related muscle decline, although further studies are needed to establish whether the approach works in humans.

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Why Ageing Muscles Change Their Fibre Type

Muscles contain different types of fibres that serve distinct purposes. Fast-twitch fibres generate powerful, rapid movements but tire quickly, while slow-twitch fibres support sustained activity and rely heavily on mitochondria, the structures responsible for producing energy within cells.

As people age, mitochondrial function becomes less efficient and muscle strength declines. Yet ageing muscles tend to develop a higher proportion of slow-twitch fibres. Researchers have also observed similar changes in conditions associated with muscle wasting.

To understand this apparent contradiction, the scientists examined cardiolipin, a specialised fat molecule found mainly in the inner membrane of mitochondria. It helps maintain their structure and supports the processes needed for normal cellular function.

The study found that cardiolipin levels declined in the muscle mitochondria of ageing or diseased mice and humans. To investigate its role, researchers reduced the molecule's levels in young mice. Their muscles subsequently showed a shift from fast-twitch to slow-twitch fibres, resembling changes seen during ageing.

Restoring cardiolipin to around two-thirds of its normal concentration began reversing muscle wasting and prevented premature deaths in the affected mice.

How Muscles Trade Strength For Protection

Further experiments suggested that the shift towards slow-twitch fibres serves a protective purpose rather than simply reflecting declining muscle function.

When cardiolipin levels fall, damaged mitochondria produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although these molecules can damage cellular structures, they also act as signals that alert cells to stress.

Researchers found that ROS helped trigger the change in muscle fibre type. Reducing ROS with antioxidants made the transition less pronounced in muscle cells lacking cardiolipin. The team also identified ERRγ, a protein that helps coordinate mitochondrial changes and muscle fibre adaptation. Inhibiting this protein in laboratory-grown muscle cells stopped the transition.

The researchers then investigated how these changes helped muscles cope with stress. Mice with insufficient cardiolipin absorbed more glucose from their bloodstream, but the additional sugar was not used primarily to generate energy. Instead, experiments using specially labelled glucose showed that muscle cells redirected it towards producing their own antioxidants, helping protect against excess ROS.

"The fiber switch is not the muscle failing, but the muscle trading power for protection. That's also why interfering with it can backfire: when we gave the mice antioxidants to mop up the ROS, their muscles fared worse, not better," says Assistant Professor Fabian Finger, first and co-corresponding author, from the University of Copenhagen.

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Could The Discovery Lead To New Treatments?

The findings could point towards new approaches to age-related muscle wasting, but the researchers have yet to establish whether the same interventions can reverse muscle loss in humans. The experiments examining the protective mechanism and restoring muscle function were conducted in mice, while human samples were used to confirm the decline in cardiolipin levels with age.

Researchers already have ways to influence this molecule. The US Food and Drug Administration recently granted accelerated approval to elamipretide, a medication designed to help stabilise cardiolipin, for Barth syndrome, a rare inherited disorder. However, its effectiveness against ordinary age-related muscle loss remains unknown.

ERRγ could offer another avenue for investigation. The protein belongs to the nuclear receptor family, whose members are established targets for many medicines. Drugs that activate ERRγ are also being studied in preclinical research for other medical applications.

Future treatments could therefore focus on restoring cardiolipin or influencing the muscle's protective response through ERRγ.

"What encourages me most is that even a partial recovery of cardiolipin was enough to bring the muscle back. The question now is whether we can increase cardiolipin in aging muscle or target ERRγ to promote healthy adaptations. This is where the therapeutic potential lies," says senior author Zachary Gerhart-Hines, Associate Professor at the NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen.

For now, the research offers a new perspective on muscle ageing: some changes that reduce strength may also help protect cells from further damage. Whether scientists can use this mechanism to preserve muscle strength in older people remains an important question for future research.

(With inputs from ANI)

Doc Talk | Wounds Taking Too Long To Heal? 5 Health Factors That Could Be Slowing Your Recovery

Dr. Praveen Raman Mishra — Wed, 28 Oct 2026 16:22:30 +0530

Wound healing is a natural process, but recovery time varies from person to person. While minor cuts and injuries generally heal within days or weeks, some wounds may take considerably longer. One often-overlooked factor is cardiovascular health. Healthy blood circulation is essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to damaged tissues, allowing the body to repair itself effectively.

How Poor Blood Circulation Delays Wound Healing

Poor circulation can significantly delay wound healing. When blood flow to a particular area is reduced, the injured tissue may not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs to recover. Conditions such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), in which arteries supplying blood to the limbs become narrowed, can affect healing, particularly in the feet and lower legs. People with existing cardiovascular conditions should pay close attention to wounds that show little or no improvement.

Diabetes is another important factor. Persistently high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves, impairing circulation and reducing sensation. As a result, a person may not notice a minor cut, blister, or foot ulcer until it becomes more serious. When diabetes coexists with cardiovascular disease, the risk of delayed healing and related complications can increase.

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Lifestyle Habits And Nutrition Affect Recovery

Lifestyle habits and nutritional deficiencies can also affect recovery. Smoking constricts blood vessels and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues, slowing the healing process. Poor nutrition, particularly inadequate protein intake and deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, can interfere with tissue repair. Increasing age, repeated pressure on the affected area, and wound infections may further delay recovery.

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Warning Signs Of Delayed Wound Healing

It is important not to ignore wounds that remain unhealed, become increasingly painful, or develop redness, swelling, discharge, or an unpleasant smell. These may be signs of infection or an underlying circulation problem. Cold feet, changes in skin colour and pain while walking can also indicate reduced blood flow and warrant medical evaluation. People with diabetes or known vascular disease should be especially vigilant about injuries to their feet and lower legs.

Maintaining healthy blood pressure and blood sugar levels, avoiding smoking, eating a balanced diet, and staying physically active can support cardiovascular health and circulation. Those with existing circulation problems should inspect their feet and legs regularly and seek medical advice promptly if they notice a wound that is not healing.

Delayed wound healing should not always be dismissed as a minor skin problem. In some cases, it may point to an underlying issue with blood circulation or general health. Early assessment and appropriate treatment can help identify the cause, prevent complications, and improve recovery.

Bedwetting In Children: Causes, Warning Signs And When To Consult A Doctor

ABP Live Lifestyle — Wed, 28 Oct 2026 15:52:48 +0530

Bedwetting is a common concern among children, and some may continue to wet the bed even as they grow older. While parents may feel worried or frustrated, it is important to understand the possible reasons behind the condition rather than scolding or embarrassing the child.

Medically known as nocturnal enuresis, bedwetting can occur when a child's body produces excess urine at night or the bladder is not yet fully developed to hold urine throughout the night. In some cases, children may not wake up when their bladder is full, resulting in bedwetting during sleep.

What Causes Bedwetting In Children?

Several factors can contribute to bedwetting in children, including hormonal changes, deep sleep, constipation and emotional stress. Understanding these causes can help parents identify when the child may need medical attention.

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Hormonal Imbalance And Deep Sleep

The body produces a hormone at night that helps reduce urine production during sleep. In some children, lower levels of this hormone may lead to increased urine production at night, making it difficult to keep the bladder empty until morning.

Deep sleep can also play a role. Some children do not wake up even when their bladder is full, which can result in bedwetting. Genetics may also be a factor, as children whose parents experienced bedwetting during childhood may be more likely to experience it themselves.

Constipation And Stress Can Also Contribute

Constipation is another possible cause of bedwetting. When stool accumulates in the intestines, it can put pressure on the bladder, making it harder for children to control urination.

Emotional stress may also trigger the problem or cause it to return after a period of dry nights. Changes such as moving to a new school, major family changes or other stressful experiences can sometimes contribute to bedwetting.

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When Should Parents Consult A Doctor?

Parents should consider consulting a doctor if a child continues to wet the bed regularly after the age of five. Medical advice is particularly important if a child who had remained dry at night for several months suddenly starts wetting the bed again.

Other symptoms that require medical attention include:

Pain or discomfort while urinating.
Excessive thirst.
Frequent urination during the day.

These symptoms may indicate an underlying issue that requires evaluation. A doctor can assess the child's symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment, if necessary. Parents should avoid punishing or shaming children for bedwetting, as it is not necessarily something they can control. A supportive approach and timely medical advice can help address the problem while protecting the child's confidence and emotional well-being.